Indigenous California

Why should Indigenous California not be described as one single culture?

• Cultural diversity began only after statehood.
• Many distinct societies had different languages, institutions, and environments.
• There were no Indigenous peoples before Spain.
• All Native Californians belonged to one identical community.

Which costs of the Gold Rush fell especially heavily on Indigenous communities?

• Only higher movie-ticket prices
• Only lower port traffic
• Violence, dispossession, ecological damage, and economic disruption
• Only reduced tourism