Which statement is the best-supported description of New York’s Coastal Influence?

• New York City and Long Island tend to have milder winters than much of inland and northern New York because of their southerly and coastal location.
• Cold air passing over relatively warmer Great Lakes water can produce heavy lake-effect snow in western New York.
• Northern and high-elevation parts of New York generally have colder, longer winters than New York City and Long Island.
• New York City’s July 1, 2025 population estimate was about 42.9% of New York State’s estimate.