Migration, trade routes, mining, and government expansion changed settlement and Indigenous communities. is the correct choice. Nineteenth-century migration and mining helped transform Idaho, often at substantial cost to Indigenous peoples.

Idaho gained residents between the 2020 census and the July 2025 estimate, but the statewide change does not reveal what happened in every county. Migration, births, and deaths can influence the total differently. To interpret a local trend, compare the same geographic area and statistical period.