Estuaries are the most heavily impacted by human development due to urbanization, pollution, and industrial activities in coastal areas.

Estuaries, where freshwater meets saltwater, are highly productive ecosystems but are vulnerable to human development. Urbanization, industrial activities, and pollution from runoff often degrade water quality and habitat, threatening the biodiversity and ecological functions of estuaries. Sandy beaches, wetlands, and rocky shorelines are also affected by human activity, but estuaries face more direct pressure due to their proximity to population centers and their role in filtering pollutants. These ecosystems are crucial for fish nurseries, wildlife, and water quality, making their protection a priority in coastal management.