The ancient civilization that inhabited parts of the Basin and Range Province is the Ancestral Puebloans.

Also known as the Anasazi, the Ancestral Puebloans thrived in the southwestern United States, including areas within the Basin and Range Province. They are renowned for their unique architectural achievements, such as cliff dwellings and pueblos made from adobe and stone. This civilization developed sophisticated agricultural practices, cultivating crops like corn, beans, and squash in arid conditions. Their culture was marked by intricate pottery, weaving, and ceremonial practices. The Ancestral Puebloans significantly contributed to the region's cultural heritage, leaving a lasting impact on the history and archaeology of the Basin and Range Province.