Artillery played a significant role in the Battle of Antietam, particularly in providing effective support and inflicting heavy casualties on both sides.

While it didn't decisively break Union lines, the Confederate artillery was strategically positioned to defend key locations and counter Union advances. The use of cannons, such as those stationed along the heights, allowed Confederate forces to target Union troops as they moved into exposed positions. Conversely, Union artillery also contributed to the battle, attempting to suppress Confederate fire and create openings for infantry assaults. Overall, artillery shaped the battlefield dynamics, contributing to the high casualty rates and tactical challenges faced by both armies.