The main environmental concern related to coal mining is water pollution.

Water pollution is a significant environmental issue associated with coal mining. Mining operations, especially practices like mountaintop removal, can release harmful pollutants into nearby rivers, streams, and groundwater. These pollutants include toxic chemicals, heavy metals like mercury and arsenic, and sulfur compounds, which can contaminate water sources. This contamination harms aquatic ecosystems and poses serious risks to human health, particularly if polluted water is used for drinking or irrigation. Managing water pollution is a critical challenge in coal mining, and efforts to mitigate this impact are essential for protecting both the environment and public health.