The Appalachian region played a significant role in the Civil War (1861-1865), with its rugged terrain influencing military strategies and battles.

The conflict divided communities, as many residents had loyalties to both the Union and the Confederacy. Key battles and skirmishes occurred in states like West Virginia, Virginia, and Tennessee, affecting the local economy and social fabric. The war led to the formation of West Virginia as a separate state, reflecting the region's complex loyalties. The Civil War's legacy continues to impact Appalachian culture, identity, and historical narrative, making it a pivotal chapter in the region's history.