The primary economic activities of the Appalachian region have historically been logging and coal mining.

The Appalachian region's economy has long been shaped by resource extraction, particularly logging and coal mining. The region's forests provide timber, while the vast coal reserves, particularly in the central and southern parts, have made coal mining a dominant industry. These industries have historically been the backbone of the local economy, driving much of the region's development, especially in areas like West Virginia, Kentucky, and Virginia. While tourism has become increasingly important, especially in areas like the Great Smoky Mountains, logging and coal mining remain central to the region's economic identity. However, these industries have also led to environmental challenges, including deforestation and pollution.