The Mining Law of 1872 primarily governs the exploration and mining of hard rock minerals on federal lands in the U.S.

The exploration and exploitation of hard rock minerals, including gold, silver, copper, and other important metals, on public lands is mainly governed by the Mining Statute of 1872, a federal statute of the United States. Without having to pay royalties to the government, the law permits people and businesses to prospect and stake claims on federal lands. Despite being intended to encourage mining and development, the law has come under fire for failing to mandate sufficient environmental safeguards and royalties for minerals that are exploited. To address environmental issues and provide just recompense for the public lands utilized for mining, there have been efforts over the years to amend the statute.